Ethiopian Coptic Christians—members of one of the oldest branches of Christianity—stand apart in many ways. Among their unique traditions is the continued adherence to dietary laws strikingly similar to Jewish kashrut. These ancient dietary customs, rooted in scripture and reinforced by cultural and historical ties, offer a fascinating glimpse into the intersections of religion, culture, and history in the region.
Understanding Kashrut
Kashrut is the Jewish dietary code outlined in the Torah, specifying which foods are permissible (kosher) and how they must be prepared. Animals must chew their cud and have split hooves to be considered clean, and seafood must have fins and scales. Specific preparation rituals, including the draining of blood, also ensure compliance. These dietary laws are considered by some as related to overarching discussions on holiness, discipline, and overall cosmic order.

When Christianity emerged in the 1st century CE, its early followers, including Jesus of Nazareth, observed these dietary laws. Jesus’ adherence to kashrut is well-documented in the Gospels, as he lived and taught within the framework of Jewish law. However, as Christianity expanded beyond Jewish communities, debates arose regarding the necessity of maintaining kashrut. At the Council of Jerusalem (circa 50 CE), early Christian leaders determined that Gentile converts were not bound by these laws, emphasizing faith over dietary restrictions. This marked a turning point for most Christian communities, which subsequently moved away from kashrut –and other Jewish practices.
Why do Ethiopian Coptic Christians keep kosher?
Unlike most Christians, Ethiopian Coptic Christians retained dietary practices that resemble kashrut. This adherence reflects a theological, historical, and cultural continuity that is unique to Ethiopia.
1. Jesus’ example
For Ethiopian Coptics, the fact that Jesus kept kosher carries significant weight. As a model of holiness, his adherence to dietary laws serves as an inspiration for Coptic Christians. This perspective reinforces the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church’s commitment to maintaining traditions rooted in scripture –even when other branches of Christianity moved away from them.
2. Biblical and historical connections
The Ethiopian Orthodox Church places a strong emphasis on the Hebrew Bible, seeing itself as a direct inheritor of biblical traditions. The Church’s liturgy, theology, and spiritual life are steeped in Old Testament teachings, including dietary laws. The Kebra Nagast (“Glory of Kings”), Ethiopia’s national epic, further strengthens this link by tracing Ethiopia’s royal lineage to King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.
3. Jewish influence in Ethiopia
Ethiopia’s historical coexistence with Jewish communities, such as the Beta Israel, also shaped its Christian traditions. These interactions likely influenced the adoption and retention of dietary laws, which became intertwined with Ethiopian cultural identity.
4. A unique theology
The Ethiopian Orthodox Church regards many Old Testament practices—including dietary laws—as integral to spiritual discipline and faith. While Christ is seen as fulfilling the law, the Church maintains that observing these practices reflects a commitment to a holy life, in harmony with biblical teachings.
What does keeping kosher look like in Ethiopia?

Ethiopian Coptic Christians avoid pork and scavenger animals, as outlined in Leviticus and Deuteronomy, and ensure that blood is removed from meat during preparation. They also abstain from certain types of seafood, consistent with kashrut rules. Fasting plays a significant role in their dietary practices, with strict periods of abstinence from meat, dairy, and sometimes all animal products.
These dietary traditions are deeply spiritual, emphasizing discipline and connection to God. For Coptic Christians, what they eat—and how it is prepared—becomes an expression of faith and an acknowledgment of biblical heritage.
Exploring Ethiopian cuisine: Dishes to try
Ethiopian cuisine is a complex mix of spices, flavors, and textures, often centered on shared meals and communal dining. For those visiting Ethiopia or exploring its culinary offerings, here are some dishes that reflect both the country’s culinary heritage and the dietary practices of Ethiopian Coptic Christians:
- Injera: A sourdough flatbread made from teff, injera is the centerpiece of Ethiopian meals. Its spongy texture makes it perfect for scooping up stews and sauces, and it’s entirely plant-based, fitting perfectly into fasting traditions.
- Shiro Wat: A flavorful chickpea stew simmered with berbere spices. This vegan dish is a staple during fasting periods and pairs beautifully with injera bread.
- Doro Wat: A rich and spicy chicken stew often served during feast days. Coptic Christians ensure the chicken is prepared according to biblical dietary guidelines, and the dish’s bold flavors make it a must-try.
- Misir Wat: A lentil stew cooked with garlic, ginger, and berbere. This hearty and nutritious dish is another staple during fasting periods and a great introduction to Ethiopian cuisine.
- Kitfo (Fasting Version): Traditionally made with raw beef, kitfo is adapted for fasting with minced plant-based ingredients, flavored with clarified butter (or a vegan substitute) and spices.
Preserving tradition in a modern world
In Ethiopia, the dietary practices of Coptic Christians remain a vital part of their identity, linking faith, history, and daily life. While urbanization and globalization present challenges, these traditions continue to thrive, upheld by a deep reverence for scripture and a commitment to preserving cultural heritage.
For visitors to Ethiopia, the dietary practices of Coptic Christians offer a window into a rich and ancient world that is still very much alive. Whether exploring the flavors of Ethiopian cuisine or reflecting on the enduring connections between faith and food, one cannot help but marvel at the intricate tapestry of tradition that defines this remarkable community.