The journey of Joseph and Mary from Nazareth to Bethlehem is one of the most significant episodes in Christian tradition. While the Gospels provide few details about the route they took, historical and geographical evidence allows us to propose well-founded theories. The available paths each had advantages and drawbacks, but all signs suggest that Joseph and Mary, as a humble and devout family, prioritized safety and practicality over speed or ease.
The Available Routes
In their time there two main routes connected Nazareth to Bethlehem. The first one was the direct route through Samaria (approximately 70 miles). This was the shortest route, crossing the Jezreel Valley and following the central ridge south toward Jerusalem.
However, it came with significant risks for a devout Jewish family. The route passed through the heart of Samaria, near Shechem (modern-day Nablus), between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim, where the Samaritans had built a rival temple to Jerusalem’s. The animosity between Jews and Samaritans made hospitality or safety unlikely for travelers, particularly in a situation as vulnerable as Mary’s advanced pregnancy.
The second option was the Jordan Valley route (approximately 90 miles). This alternative bypassed Samaria to the east, descending into the Harod Valley, following the Jordan River south to Jericho, and then climbing westward to Jerusalem and Bethlehem.
Although longer and more physically demanding—especially the steep ascent from Jericho—this route was safer and passed mainly through Jewish territories. It offered access to water from the Jordan River, the possibility of finding food and lodging in friendly communities, and protection from the hostility of Samaria.
A third potential option, the Via Maris, ran along the Mediterranean coast. Although it was a well-maintained Roman road, it presented several challenges for a Jewish family. The route passed through predominantly Gentile, Hellenized regions, where finding kosher food and appropriate lodging would have been difficult. Furthermore, tolls or fees for using the Roman road would have been an additional burden for a family of limited means. For these reasons, it is highly unlikely that Joseph and Mary used this route.
How Did Joseph and Mary Likely Travel?
It is most likely that Joseph and Mary chose the Jordan Valley route. This path was popular among Jewish pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem, avoiding the hostility of Samaria and ensuring access to provisions, shelter, and water.
Contrary to the popular image of Joseph and Mary traveling alone, it is almost inconceivable that Mary, so far along in her pregnancy, would have undertaken such a journey without assistance. It is highly plausible that they joined a caravan or traveled with relatives and neighbors, including women who could help Mary if needed during the trip.
Details of the Probable Journey
- First Days: From Nazareth to the Jordan Valley
The journey likely began in Nazareth, descending toward the Jordan Valley via the Harod Valley. After passing near the Sea of Galilee, Joseph and Mary would have crossed the Jordan River into the region of Perea, avoiding Samaritan territory altogether.
- Through the Jordan Valley
Following the Jordan River south, the Holy Family would have stopped in towns like Pella, an important city in the Decapolis where they could have found food and rest. This stretch of the journey was relatively flat but could have been muddy and challenging due to the winter rains.
- The Final Ascent: From Jericho to Bethlehem
After several days, they would have reached Jericho, situated about 276 meters (905 feet) below sea level. From there, the most difficult part of the journey began: an ascent of nearly 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) toward Jerusalem and Bethlehem. This section, known for its steep inclines and rugged terrain, required considerable physical effort. Pilgrims often recited the “Songs of Ascents” (Shir ha-Ma’alot, Psalms 120-134) during this part of their journey, seeking spiritual strength.
A Journey Full of Meaning
The trip from Nazareth to Bethlehem, which likely took about a week, was more than just a physical journey. It was a spiritual prelude to the birth of Jesus. The choice of the Jordan Valley route reflects Joseph and Mary’s religious identity, as they avoided pagan and hostile territories, opting for a path that, while longer and more demanding, resonated with their faith and traditions.
This journey not only highlights the challenges of the time but also serves as a testament to faith, resilience, and the deep connection to the customs of their people—a path that, like its destination, marked the beginning of a story that would change the world.
The Jesus Trail: four days on the way from Nazareth to Capernaum
